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␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ βF1.  Goals                                   ␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ 	
2.  Plan

␈↓ ↓N␈↓The␈α=Stanford␈α=Arti␈↓βC␈↓cial␈α=Intelligence            ␈↓ π∞␈↓The␈α⊗two␈α∃operating␈α⊗system␈α∃projects␈α⊗will␈α∃be
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Laboratory␈α∪proposes␈α∀to␈α∪develop␈α∀an␈α∪e␈↓β@␈↓icient       ␈↓ π∞␈↓undertaken␈α⊗in␈α⊗parallel␈α⊗by␈α↔separate␈α⊗groups.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓operating␈α
system␈α
for␈αthe␈α
S-1␈α
computer␈α
over␈αa       ␈↓ π∞␈↓There␈α∃will␈α∃be␈α∀little␈α∃formal␈α∃coordination␈α∀of
␈↓ ↓N␈↓period␈α∩of␈α∩about␈α∩three␈α∩years.␈α∪ This␈α∩proposal       ␈↓ π∞␈↓these␈α1e␈↓β@␈↓orts,␈α1but␈α2frequent␈α1informal
␈↓ ↓N␈↓covers the ␈↓βC␈↓rst year's work.                ␈↓ π∞␈↓communication␈α→among␈α→participants␈α→will␈α_be
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓encouraged.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓The␈α∩proposed␈α⊃work␈α∩will␈α⊃have␈α∩the␈α⊃following
␈↓ ↓N␈↓subgoals.                                   ␈↓ π∞␈↓α␈↓ λ?2.1 Interim System

␈↓ ↓N␈↓1.␈α~ Within␈α~one␈α→year,␈α~develop␈α~an␈α→interim           ␈↓ π∞␈↓The␈α_interim␈α_system␈α_is␈α_expected␈α_to␈α_use␈α_a
␈↓ ↓N␈↓operating␈α∀system␈α∀that␈α∀services␈α∀a␈α∃single␈α∀S-1       ␈↓ π∞␈↓modi␈↓βC␈↓ed␈α_version␈α_of␈α_the␈α_Unix␈α↔timesharing
␈↓ ↓N␈↓processor␈α"and␈α"several␈α#display␈α"terminals,        ␈↓ π∞␈↓system␈α≡running␈α≡on␈α≡a␈α≡PDP-11␈α≥computer
␈↓ ↓N␈↓providing␈α⊃full␈α⊃timesharing␈α⊃service.␈α∩ Disk␈α⊃␈↓βC␈↓le    ␈↓ π∞␈↓connected␈α↔to␈α↔a␈α⊗single␈α↔S-1␈α↔computer.␈α⊗ The
␈↓ ↓N␈↓access␈α∂will␈α∂be␈α∞provided␈α∂through␈α∂a␈α∞peripheral      ␈↓ π∞␈↓PDP-11␈α⊂will␈α⊃provide␈α⊂all␈α⊃interactive␈α⊂terminal
␈↓ ↓N␈↓processor␈α↔and␈α↔will␈α↔not␈α↔necessarily␈α↔be␈α⊗fast.       ␈↓ π∞␈↓functions␈α∂and,␈α⊂by␈α∂suitable␈α∂manipulation␈α⊂of␈α∂a
␈↓ ↓N␈↓This␈α≠system␈α≠should␈α≠work␈α≤e␈↓β@␈↓iciently␈α≠with          ␈↓ π∞␈↓PDP-11/S-1␈αinterface,␈αwill␈αload␈αjobs␈αin␈αthe␈α
S-
␈↓ ↓N␈↓compute-bound␈α⊃jobs,␈α∩but␈α⊃not␈α∩necessarily␈α⊃for      ␈↓ π∞␈↓1␈α∃and␈α⊗supervise␈α∃their␈α⊗execution,␈α∃providing
␈↓ ↓N␈↓I/O-bound␈α⊃tasks.␈α∩ Programs␈α⊃written␈α∩for␈α⊃this      ␈↓ π∞␈↓whatever␈α∞input/output␈α
services␈α∞are␈α∞needed␈α
by
␈↓ ↓N␈↓system␈α∩will␈α∩probably␈α∩have␈α∩to␈α∩be␈α⊃extensively       ␈↓ π∞␈↓the S-1.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓modi␈↓βC␈↓ed,␈α at␈α!least␈α in␈α!their␈α input/output
␈↓ ↓N␈↓sections,␈α→before␈α~they␈α→can␈α~be␈α→run␈α~on␈α→the            ␈↓ π∞␈↓It␈α∃will␈α⊗be␈α∃possible␈α∃to␈α⊗run␈α∃the␈α⊗Pascal␈α∃and
␈↓ ↓N␈↓multiprocessor system.                      ␈↓ π∞␈↓Fortran␈α↔compilers␈α⊗and␈α↔the␈α↔assember␈α⊗being
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓developed␈α⊗by␈α⊗another␈α⊗group.␈α⊗ The␈α∃interim
␈↓ ↓N␈↓2.␈α∂In␈α⊂parallel,␈α∂design␈α∂and␈α⊂begin␈α∂development      ␈↓ π∞␈↓system␈α∂will␈α∂be␈α∂instrumented␈α∂to␈α⊂permit␈α∂timing
␈↓ ↓N␈↓of␈α
an␈α
operating␈α
system␈α
for␈α
multiprocessor␈αS-1     ␈↓ π∞␈↓of␈α various␈α∨functions␈α and␈α debugging␈α∨of
␈↓ ↓N␈↓computer␈α⊃con␈↓βC␈↓gurations␈α⊃with␈α⊃their␈α∩own␈α⊃disk       ␈↓ π∞␈↓equipment.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓systems.␈α⊗ This␈α⊗system␈α⊗will␈α⊗provide␈α⊗e␈↓β@␈↓icient
␈↓ ↓N␈↓resource␈αallocation␈αfor␈αcon␈↓βC␈↓gurations␈αof␈αone␈αto   ␈↓ π∞␈↓The␈α∂general␈α∂approach␈α∂will␈α∂emphasize␈α∞getting
␈↓ ↓N␈↓about␈α↔32␈α⊗processors␈α↔and␈α⊗will␈α↔include␈α⊗user         ␈↓ π∞␈↓a␈α≤simple␈α≤version␈α≤running␈α≤as␈α≤quickly␈α≤as
␈↓ ↓N␈↓interactive␈α⊗facilities␈α↔that␈α⊗are␈α↔optimized␈α⊗for    ␈↓ π∞␈↓possible,␈α
then␈α
enhancing␈α
its␈α
capabilities␈α
until␈α
it
␈↓ ↓N␈↓display␈α∩terminals.␈α∩ Teleprinter␈α∪terminals␈α∩will  ␈↓ π∞␈↓adequately␈α?␈α∧supports␈α?␈α¬initial␈α?␈α∧testing
␈↓ ↓N␈↓also␈α∨be␈α∨supported.␈α∨ In␈α∨addition␈α∨to␈α≡the            ␈↓ π∞␈↓requirements.␈α⊂ There␈α⊂will␈α∂be␈α⊂little␈α⊂attempt␈α∂to
␈↓ ↓N␈↓operating␈α
system,␈α
a␈α
number␈α
of␈αutility␈α
programs    ␈↓ π∞␈↓optimize␈α⊂performance␈α∂or␈α⊂to␈α∂make␈α⊂it␈α⊂a␈α∂useful
␈↓ ↓N␈↓will␈α⊃be␈α⊂developed,␈α⊃including␈α⊂text␈α⊃editors,␈α⊂␈↓βC␈↓le    ␈↓ π∞␈↓production system.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓management␈α0programs,␈α0compilers,␈α/and
␈↓ ↓N␈↓debuggers.                                  ␈↓ π∞␈↓From␈α∪this␈α∩point␈α∪on,␈α∩the␈α∪personnel␈α∩involved
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓will␈αprovide␈αonly␈αmaintenance␈αsupport␈αfor␈αthe
␈↓ ↓N␈↓3.␈α
Based␈α∞on␈α
work␈α
done␈α∞in␈α
pursuit␈α
of␈α∞the␈α
␈↓βC␈↓rst         ␈↓ π∞␈↓interim␈α∩system␈α∩and␈α∩will␈α∩join␈α∩in␈α∩the␈α∩longer-
␈↓ ↓N␈↓two␈α∪subgoals,␈α∪recommend␈α∪speci␈↓βC␈↓c␈α∪equipment       ␈↓ π∞␈↓range␈α⊃development␈α⊃project.␈α⊃ It␈α∩is␈α⊃anticipated
␈↓ ↓N␈↓characteristics␈α≥needed␈α≥to␈α≡support␈α≥e␈↓β@␈↓icient      ␈↓ π∞␈↓that␈α⊂this␈α⊂task␈α⊂will␈α⊂be␈α⊂completed␈α⊂in␈α⊂less␈α∂than
␈↓ ↓N␈↓operation.␈α≥ This␈α≥particularly␈α≡includes␈α≥the      ␈↓ π∞␈↓one year.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓manner␈α⊗in␈α⊗which␈α⊗secondary␈α⊗memories␈α⊗and
␈↓ ↓N␈↓peripherals will connect to the system.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓αPlan␈↓ b1


␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ ↓s2.2 Multiprocessor System Development       ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π≡(4) general design of user services, including
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πNdisplay control, command languages, and
␈↓ ↓N␈↓The␈α#advanced␈α#system␈α#will␈α#exploit␈α#the             ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πNcharacter set standards;
␈↓ ↓N␈↓capabilities␈α?␈αεof␈α?␈αεmultiprocessor␈α?␈αεS-1             ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π≡(5) analysis of other resource allocation issues;
␈↓ ↓N␈↓con␈↓βC␈↓gurations␈α
and␈α
will␈α
use␈α
the␈α∞better␈α
features    ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ π≡(6) formulation of criteria for selection of
␈↓ ↓N␈↓of␈αexisting␈α
timesharing␈αsystems,␈αsuch␈α
as␈αUnix,    ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πNprogramming languages to be used in
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Multics,␈α⊗TOPS-20,␈α↔ITS,␈α⊗and␈α↔the␈α⊗Stanford          ␈↓ π∞␈↓␈↓ πNmajor development tasks.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Monitor.␈α
 There␈α
will␈α
also␈α
be␈α∞some␈α
innovation      ␈↓ π∞␈↓Products␈α will␈α!include␈α an␈α!assortment␈α of
␈↓ ↓N␈↓in interactive user services.               ␈↓ π∞␈↓planning␈α?␈α
documents␈α?␈αand␈α?␈α
speci␈↓βC␈↓c
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓recommendations␈α∞on␈α∞equipment␈α∂design␈α∞issues,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓A␈α~key␈α~problem␈α→to␈α~be␈α~solved␈α~is␈α→e␈↓β@␈↓icient             ␈↓ π∞␈↓such␈α∀as␈α∀how␈α∀the␈α∀disk␈α∀memories␈α∀should␈α∀be
␈↓ ↓N␈↓allocation␈α_and␈α_scheduling␈α_of␈α→resources.␈α_ It      ␈↓ π∞␈↓connected.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓should␈α$be␈α$possible␈α$to␈α$␈↓βD␈↓exibly␈α#allocate
␈↓ ↓N␈↓processors␈α≡either␈α≡to␈α≥a␈α≡number␈α≡of␈α≥tasks            ␈↓ π∞␈↓The␈α≠subsequent␈α≤design␈α≠phase␈α≤(about␈α≠six
␈↓ ↓N␈↓supporting␈α∩independent␈α∩users␈α∩or␈α∩to␈α∩separate      ␈↓ π∞␈↓months)␈α⊂will␈α⊂focus␈α⊂on␈α⊂detailed␈α⊂design␈α⊂of␈α⊂the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓forks of a single task, depending on priorities.␈↓ π∞␈↓functional␈α∞elements␈α∞of␈α∞the␈α∞system,␈α∞selection␈α
of
                                            ␈↓ π∞␈↓system␈α9programming␈α9languages,␈α8and
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Interactive␈α⊂user␈α⊂services␈α⊂will␈α⊂be␈α⊂provided␈α⊂by     ␈↓ π∞␈↓programming␈α≥of␈α≤developmental␈α≥tools␈α≤(e.g.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓one␈α∪or␈α∪more␈α∪peripheral␈α∪processors␈α∪and␈α∪will        ␈↓ π∞␈↓simple␈α∪editors␈α∪and␈α∪debuggers),␈α∪and␈α∪possibly
␈↓ ↓N␈↓feature␈α~a␈α~display␈α~editor␈α~as␈α≠the␈α~top-level         ␈↓ π∞␈↓the␈αmodi␈↓βC␈↓cation␈α
of␈αa␈α
compiler␈αto␈α
produce␈αS-1
␈↓ ↓N␈↓process.␈α~ This␈α≠process␈α~(known␈α≠in␈α~various         ␈↓ π∞␈↓code.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓systems␈αas␈αthe␈α
"shell",␈α"exec",␈αor␈α"monitor")␈α
will
␈↓ ↓N␈↓permit␈α≠the␈α≤user␈α≠to␈α≠prepare␈α≤text,␈α≠initiate         ␈↓ π∞␈↓In␈αthe␈αfollowing␈αthree␈αmonth␈αperiod,␈αintensive
␈↓ ↓N␈↓processing␈α
of␈α
multiple␈α
tasks,␈α
and␈α
monitor␈α
and     ␈↓ π∞␈↓programming␈α≥on␈α≥various␈α≥system␈α≤elements
␈↓ ↓N␈↓control␈α
execution.␈α
 The␈α
latter␈αfunctions␈α
include ␈↓ π∞␈↓would be underway.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓dealing␈αwith␈αerror␈α
conditions␈αfrom␈αthe␈α
various
␈↓ ↓N␈↓tasks and subtasks under his control.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓To␈α
aid␈αin␈α
these␈α
functions,␈αthe␈α
user␈α
will␈αbe␈α
able
␈↓ ↓N␈↓both␈α∂to␈α⊂partition␈α∂his␈α⊂display␈α∂screen␈α⊂(to␈α∂show
␈↓ ↓N␈↓information␈αfrom␈αmultiple␈αprocesses),␈αto␈α
switch
␈↓ ↓N␈↓one␈α∩or␈α∪more␈α∩segments␈α∪of␈α∩the␈α∪screen␈α∩among
␈↓ ↓N␈↓processes,␈αand␈αto␈α
direct␈αkeyboard␈αcommands␈α
to
␈↓ ↓N␈↓the␈α∞various␈α∞processes␈α∞under␈α∞his␈α∂control.␈α∞ The
␈↓ ↓N␈↓display␈α⊗control␈α⊗functions␈α⊗must␈α⊗provide␈α⊗the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓user␈α
with␈α
enough␈α∞context␈α
so␈α
that␈α
he␈α∞does␈α
not
␈↓ ↓N␈↓have␈α
to␈α
spend␈αa␈α
lot␈α
of␈αtime␈α
␈↓βC␈↓guring␈α
out␈αwhat
␈↓ ↓N␈↓he is looking at.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓The␈αplanning␈αphase␈αof␈αthis␈αwork␈α(about␈αthree
␈↓ ↓N␈↓months) will be devoted the following tasks:
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓↑(1) familiarization with the S-1 equipment
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞characteristics;
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓↑(2) characterization of the principal kinds of
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞computing tasks that are to be performed
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞with this system;
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ↓↑(3) general design of program services to be
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞provided by the operating system,
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞including primary memory allocation and
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ α∞␈↓βC␈↓le system characteristics;
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ ←2


␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ β,3.  Facilities

␈↓ ↓N␈↓Much␈α≡of␈α∨the␈α≡planning␈α∨and␈α≡preliminary
␈↓ ↓N␈↓programming␈α⊃work␈α⊃on␈α⊃both␈α⊃projects␈α⊃will␈α⊃be
␈↓ ↓N␈↓performed␈α∂on␈α⊂the␈α∂existing␈α⊂computer␈α∂facilities
␈↓ ↓N␈↓of␈α+the␈α+Stanford␈α+Arti␈↓βC␈↓cial␈α*Intelligence
␈↓ ↓N␈↓Laboratory.␈α Since␈αthis␈αequipment␈αhas␈αalready
␈↓ ↓N␈↓been␈α
purchased,␈α∞mostly␈α
with␈α∞U.S.␈α
government
␈↓ ↓N␈↓research␈α∂funds,␈α∂the␈α∞only␈α∂costs␈α∂involved␈α∂in␈α∞its
␈↓ ↓N␈↓use␈α
will␈α
be␈αthe␈α
support␈α
of␈αpart␈α
of␈α
a␈αcomputer
␈↓ ↓N␈↓technician␈α∂and␈α∂a␈α∂share␈α∂of␈α∂other␈α∂maintenance
␈↓ ↓N␈↓costs.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓In␈α∂support␈α∂of␈α∂the␈α∂interim␈α∂timesharing␈α∞system
␈↓ ↓N␈↓development,␈α
a␈αmultiprocessor␈α
PDP-11␈αsystem
␈↓ ↓N␈↓will␈αbe␈αneeded␈αand␈αis␈αto␈αbe␈αmade␈αavailable␈αon
␈↓ ↓N␈↓loan␈α⊃from␈α⊂LLL.␈α⊃ This␈α⊂system␈α⊃will␈α⊃consist␈α⊂of
␈↓ ↓N␈↓two␈αor␈αmore␈αLSI-11s␈αsharing␈αXXXk␈αwords␈αof
␈↓ ↓N␈↓memory␈α∂and␈α∞a␈α∂ddd␈α∂disk.␈α∞ It␈α∂should␈α∂be␈α∞made
␈↓ ↓N␈↓available␈α∪as␈α∪soon␈α∪as␈α∪possible,␈α∪but␈α∪not␈α∪later
␈↓ ↓N␈↓than 1 April 1978.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓The␈α≠budget␈α≠includes␈α≠$UUUUU␈α≠to␈α≠cover
␈↓ ↓N␈↓licensing␈α∃costs␈α⊗for␈α∃acquisition␈α∃of␈α⊗the␈α∃Unix
␈↓ ↓N␈↓timesharing␈α⊂system,␈α⊂which␈α⊃is␈α⊂to␈α⊂serve␈α⊃as␈α⊂the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓basis for the interim operating system.

␈↓ ↓N␈↓In␈α⊗addition,␈α⊗an␈α⊗S-1␈α⊗processor␈α⊗with␈α∃YYYk
␈↓ ↓N␈↓words␈α∂of␈α∞memory␈α∂and␈α∞a␈α∂PDP-11␈α∂interface␈α∞is
␈↓ ↓N␈↓to␈αbe␈αprovided␈αon␈αloan␈αfrom␈αLLL␈αby␈α
about␈α1
␈↓ ↓N␈↓July␈α
1978.␈α
 A␈α∞second␈α
S-1␈α
processor␈α∞and␈α
some
␈↓ ↓N␈↓additional␈α∃memory␈α⊗will␈α∃be␈α∃needed␈α⊗later␈α∃to
␈↓ ↓N␈↓permit␈α⊗development␈α⊗and␈α⊗debugging␈α↔of␈α⊗the
␈↓ ↓N␈↓multiprocessor operating system.
␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ `3


␈↓ ↓N␈↓α␈↓ ε→4.  Budget
␈↓ ↓N␈↓␈↓ ∧sOne year beginning 1 January 1978